Composition of Anopheles Meigen (Diptera: Culicidae) in a peri-urban area of the Eastern Amazon

Keison de Souza Cavalcante; Taires Peniche; José Rodrigues Júnior; Geandro dos Santos Gama; Flávia Montagner; Allan Kardec Ribeiro Galardo

doi:10.12741/ebrasilis.v15.e993

Authors

Keison de Souza Cavalcante Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8138-5325
Taires Peniche Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-1580
José Rodrigues Júnior Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9411-8111
Geandro dos Santos Gama Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1603-9140
Flávia Montagner Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3060-7554
Allan Kardec Ribeiro Galardo Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4721-3444

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v15.e993

Keywords:

Ecology, Malaria, Medical Entomology, Plasmodium, Transmission Dynamics

Abstract

Malaria vector mosquitoes belong to the genus Anopheles Meigen. The Amazon has been changing due to economic activities such as mining, logging, agriculture, and urbanization, leading to changes in malaria transmission patterns in this region. Therefore, this study aimed to survey Anopheles species in a peri-urban area of Macapá, state of Amapá, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Human landing catches (HLC) and Shannon light traps were used to collect Anopheles adults at three points. We screened breeding sites in all accessible water reservoirs within a 2 km radius of each collection point to collect immatures and found two species: Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis s.l. Lynch-Arribalzága (35.7%) and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) braziliensis (Chagas) (64.3%). A total of 267 winged specimens of Anopheles were collected: A. (N.) braziliensis (62.9%), Anopheles (Anopheles) mattogrossensis Lutz & Neiva (11.6%), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) triannulatus s.l. (Neiva & Pinto) (11.6%), A. (N.) albitarsis s.l. Lynch-Arribálzaga (6.7%), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root (5.2%), Anopheles (Anopheles) peryassui Dyar & Knab (1.5%), and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari Galbadón (0.4%). Considering that Macapá has autochthonous malaria cases, our findings can contribute to developing public health measures in this municipality, therefore helping to protect its habitants.

References

Awolola, TS, AO Oduola, JB Obansa, NJ Chukwurar & JP Unyimadu, 2007. Anopheles gambiae ss breeding in polluted water bodies in urban Lagos, southwestern Nigeria. Journal of vector borne diseases, 44: 241-244.

Baia-da-Silva, DC, JD Brito-Sousa, SR Rodovalho, C Peterka, G Moresco, OMM Lapouble & WM Monteiro, 2019. Current vector control challenges in the fight against malaria in Brazil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 52: e20180542: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0542-2018

Brasil, 2007. Nota Técnica Nº 12 – de 4 de junho de 2007, CGPNCM/DIGES/SVS/MS – Padronização dos métodos utilizados em pesquisa larvária de Anopheles na rotina dos laboratórios de entomologia.

Brasil, 2014. Portaria Nº 01, de 13 de janeiro de 2014 - Avaliação do Potencial Malarígeno e o Atestado de Condição Sanitária para os projetos de assentamento de reforma agrária e para outros empreendimentos, nas regiões endêmicas de malária.

Carlos, BC, LDP Rona, GK Christophides & JA Souza-Neto, 2019. A comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil. Pathogens and Global Health, 113: 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2019.1581463

Consoli, RAGB & RL Oliveira,1994. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil (Vol. 1). Rio de Janeiro, Editora Fiocruz.

Deane, LM, 1986. Malaria vectors in Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 81: 5-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761986000600002

Detinova, TS, 1962. Age-grading methods in Diptera of medical importance. Geneva, WHO - Monographies Series.

Ernst, KC, SO Adoka, DO Kowuor, ML Wilson & CC John, 2006. Malaria hotspot areas in a highland Kenya site are consistent in epidemic and non-epidemic years and are associated with ecological factors. Malaria Journal, 5: 78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-5-78

Ferreira, MU & MC Castro, 2016. Challenges for malaria elimination in Brazil. Malaria Journal, 15: 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1335-1

Forattini, OP, 2002. Culicidologia médica: identificaçäo, biologia e epidemiologia, São Paulo, EDUSP.

Galardo, AK, M Arruda, A Couto, R Wirtz, LP Lounibos, & RH Zimmerman, 2007. Malaria vector incrimination in three rural riverine villages in the Brazilian Amazon. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76: 461-469. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.461

Galardo, AKR, 2010. A importância do Anopheles darlingi Root, 1926 e Anopheles marajoara Galvão e Damasceno, 1942 na transmissão de malária no município de Macapá/AP-Brasil. Thesis (PhD in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents). Universidade Federal do Pará.

Galardo, AKR, RH Zimmerman, LP Lounibos, LJ Young, CD Galardo, M Arruda & A Couto, 2009. Seasonal abundance of anopheline mosquitoes and their association with rainfall and malaria along the Matapi River, Amapi, Brazil. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 23: 335-349. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00839.x

Gil, LHS, MDS Rodrigues, AA de Lima & TH Katsuragawa, 2015. Seasonal distribution of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in rural localities of porto velho, Rondonia, brazilian amazon. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 57: 263-267. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1590/s0036-46652015000300014

Laporta, GZ, YM Linton, RC Wilkerson, ES Bergo, SS Nagaki, DC Sant’Ana & MAM Sallum, 2015. Malaria vectors in South America: current and future scenarios. Parasites & Vectors, 8: 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1038-4

Marcondes, CB & VF Freitas, 2013. Anopheles deaneorum: a new potential malaria vector in State of Santa Catarina, Brazil (Diptera: Culicidae). Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 46: 121-122. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1590/0037-8682201200342013

Mathania, MM, DZ Munisi & RS Silayo, 2020. Spatial and temporal distribution of Anopheles mosquito’s larvae and its determinants in two urban sites in Tanzania with different malaria transmission levels. Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 11: e00179. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00179

Povoa, MM, RTL de Souza, RND Lacerda, ES Rosa, D Galiza, JR de Souza, RA Wirtz, CD Schlichting & JE Conn, 2006. The importance of Anopheles albitarsis E and An. darlingi in human malaria transmission in Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 101: 163-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762006000200008

Povoa, MM, RA Wirtz, RNL Lacerda, MA Miles & D Warhurst, 2001. Malaria vectors in the municipality of Serra do Navio, State of Amapa, Amazon region, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 96: 179-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762001000200008

Rufalco-Moutinho, P, N Schweigmann, DP Bergamaschi & MAM Sallum, 2016. Larval habitats of Anopheles species in a rural settlement on the malaria frontier of southwest Amazon, Brazil. Acta Tropica, 164: 243-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.032

Sallum, MAM, RG Obando, N Carrejo & RC Wilkerson, 2020. Identification keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). I. Introduction. Parasites & Vectors, 13: 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04298-6

Sattler, MA, D Mtasiwa, M Kiama, Z Premji, M Tanner, GF Killeen & C Lengeler, 2005. Habitat characterization and spatial distribution of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) during an extended dry period. Malaria Journal, 4: 1-15.

Service, MW, 1968. Observations on feeding and oviposition in some British mosquitoes. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 11: 277-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1968.tb02056.x

Shannon, RC & Hygiene, 1939. Methods for Collecting and Feeding Mosquitoes in Jungle Yellow Fever Studies1. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine, 1: 131-140.

Silva-Nunes, M, 2010. Impacto de Alterações Ambientais na Transmissão da Malária e Perspectivas Para o Controle da Doença em Áreas de Assentamento Rural da Amazôniania Brasileira. Oecologia Australis, 14: 603-622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2010.1403.02

Tadei, WP & B Dutary Thatcher, 2000. Malaria vectors in the Brazilian Amazon: Anopheles of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 42: 87-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652000000200005

Tadei, WP, BD Thatcher, JMM Santos, VM Scarpassa, IB Rodrigues & MS Rafael, 1998. Ecologic observations on anopheline vectors of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59: 325-335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.325

Tavares, JPN, 2009. Influência da Zona de Convergência Intertropical na Variabilidade da Precipitação em Macapá. Caminhos de Geografia, 29: 58-70.